Italy

• Benito Mussolini (1883-1945): What is Fascism?, 1932 

• Image Benito Mussolini

• Image March on Rome, 1922 Mussolini was named premier

• Image Cartoon associating Mussolini with murder of Matteotti 

• Image 1935 Italian invasion of Ethiopia

• Italian Conquest of Ethiopia, 1935-36

• Map Ethiopia

• Haile Selassie, Appeal to the League of Nations, 1936

• Image Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie

Spain and Franco

• The Spanish Anarchist Movement

• Spanish Civil War Overview  

• George Orwell (1903-1950): Homage to Catalonia On Barcelona in 1936

• Leon Lazaroff: Spanish Civil War Volunteers Gather for an Emotional Reunion, The Philadelphia Inquirer, November 6, 1996

• Image General Francisco Franco

• Image Fascist Spain

• Image German fliers in Spain, 1939

• Image Abraham Lincoln Brigade

Germany

The Weimar Republic

• Weimar Republic Page

• Weimar Republic Page at Spartacus

• Map Map of Europe, 1919

• Image Elections for National Constituent Assembly 1919]

• Image Opening session, German National assembly, 1919]

• The Weimar Republic I: Economic and Political Problems

Rise of the Nazi Party: 

Beware: Many of these texts are at an overtly anti-Semitic website.

• The 25 Points: Nazi Program, 1920

• The Horst Wessel Song  

• Adolf Hitler: Speech, April 12, 1921 
• Adolf Hitler: Reichstag Speech, February 20, 1938 
• Weimar Elections - Table, 1919-1933 
• Bruno Heilig: "Why the German Republic Fell", 1938 

• Hitler on Anti-Semitism in Vienna (1925)
• Hitler's First Anti-Semitic Writing (1919)

• Image Austrian fascists

• Locarno Agreement

• Image Reoccupation of the Rhineland

• Image German annexation of Austria, 1938

The Munich Crisis: Climax of Appeasement

• Image Sudeten Germans

• Image Conference at Munich, 1938

• Munich Agreement, 1938

• Map Dismemberment of Czechoslovakia

• Image "Peace in our time"

• Neville Chamberlain, Peace in our Time

• Image Sudetenland Germans, 1938

• The Nazi-Soviet Pact, 1939

• Image Celebrating signing of Nazi-Soviet Pact

• Hitler's Directive No. 1 for the Conduct of the War, August 31, 1939

• German invasion of Poland, September 1, 1939

Adolf Hitler

• Image Adolf HitlerIn German army WW1

• Image National Socialist German Workers' party

• Image Free corps, Berlin 1920

• Image Brownshirts or Storm Troopers

• Image Beer hall putsch in Munich, 1923

• Image Mein Kampf

• Image German unemployment chart

• Image German workers 1929

• Image Our Last Hope: Hitler: Nazi poster, 1932 presidential election

• Hitler's anti-Semitism

• Image Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of the German Republic, 1933[Image Hitler's First Cabinet

• Bruno Heilig, Why the German Republic Fell, 1938

• Nuremberg laws, 1935

• Image Youth Serves the Fuhrer

• Image Rearmament program: Battleship Scharnhorst

• Image Poster, Your Strength Through Joy car

• Oath to Adolf Hitler

• Image German soldiers marching past Breker's sculpture

• Joseph Goebbels, Knowledge and Propaganda, 1928

• Image Goebbels with Hitler and Goering

• Images Anti-Semitic caricatures from Der Sturmer, 1928-1931

• Image Nazi appeal to violence

• Image Investiture of Reich Church Bishop, 1933

• Barmen Declaration, 1934

• Image Poster, Hitler Youth

• Image Hitler Youth weapons training

• Image Nazi athletics

• Improving the German Aryan Breed, 1933

• Order Authorizing Involuntary Euthanasia, October 1939

• Cardinal Clemens von Galen, Sermon against Nazi euthanasia, 1941

• Image Nazi rally