New York State Curriculum Notes

1. African independence movements and Pan Africanism

   a Changing political boundaries in Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, and Kenya )

   b Roles of Jomo Kenyatta and Kwame Nkrumah 

   c. Continuance of economic linkages with former colonial powers

   d. Ethnic tensions versus nationalism: Nigeria and civil war

   e. Apartheid—policy of racial separation and segregation

   1. Historical circumstances

   2. African National Congress

   3. Leadership—Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, F. W. de Klerk

f. Political and economic instability— Congo (Zaire) or any other examples

g. Ethnic tensions: Rwanda— Hutu-Tutsi

Web Guides on African History

• Africa-History A very well done guide.

• Africa Web Links: an Annotated Resource List With specific pages for each country.

• Keele Guide to African Government and Politics on the Internet  

• H-Africa  

• Timeline Multi part chronology, with links to texts, images, discussions. The best of the timelines online.

African Lives at Washington Post

• Part I: The Dinka in Sudan

• Part II: Young Urban Kenyans

• Part III: Midwives in Ethiopia
• Part IV: Fishermen of Senegal
• Part V: AIDS in Kenya
• Part VI: Families of Abidjan
• Part VII: Child Brides in Ivory Coast
• Part VIII: Death in Ghana

African Independence

• Second Pan African Congress: 1921 

• Africa  

• All-African People's Conference: Resolution on Imperialism and Colonialism, Accra, December 5-13, 1958  

• United Nations: Declaration on Granting Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, 1960 

• Charter of the Organization of African Unity, May 25 1963  

Congo [Zaire]

• U Thant: The Congo Problem, 1962  

• Zaire: UN Human Rights Report 1995 

• Bill Berkeley: Zaire: An African Horror Story, The Atlantic Monthly, August 1993

• Jeffrey Tayler: Vessel of Last Resort, The Atlantic, Sept 1996, Account of a trip up the Congo river.

Ghana

• Kwame Nkrumah Information and Resource Site

• Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972): I Speak of Freedom, 1961, excerpts 

• KWAME NKRUMAH: THE FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE: 10 DECEMBER 1947

• Kwame Nkrumah

Kenya

• Kenyaweb: History of Kenya Secondary account from pre-history to the present.

• Jomo Kenyatta: The Kenya Africa Union is Not the Mau Mau, 1952  

• Jomo Kenyatta

• A Response to Imperialism by Jomo Kenyatta

• Bill Berkeley: An Encore for Chaos? Feb, 1996 "The embattled despot Daniel arap Moi,  of Kenya, has sought to preserve his regime by exploiting ethnic divisions. So why is  Kenya still intact?

Nigeria

• UN Fact-Finding Mission to Nigeria: Report to Secretary General, 1996 

• Wole Soyinka: Towards a Sustainable Vision of Nigeria, 1996  

• BBC News: Special Report: Nigeria in Crisis

Rwanda

• Violence and Unrest in Central Africa, The Atlantic Monthly, November 1996

• The Atlantic Report: Rwanda, The Atlantic Monthly, June 1964

• Stanley Meisler: Rwanda and Burundi, The Atlantic Monthly, September 1973, 

• Hutu Tutsi Rwanda Burund Poemi

South Africa

• African National Congress: Historical Documents Contains a substantial selection of ANC documents, as well book length studies of the issues over the past century.

• The National Party's Colour Policy, 1948 

• A.L. Geyer: The Case for Apartheid, 1953, excerpts 

• Umkhonto we Sizwe (Military wing of the ANC) We are at War!, December 16, 1961 

• UN Resolution 1598: On Race Conflict in South Africa, 1961  

• Bishop Demond Tutu (1931-): The Question of South Africa, 1984, excerpts 

• Nelson Mandela : Speech on Release From Jail, 1990 

• Nelson Mandela : Inaugural Address, May 10, 1994 

• Black Power!, Newsweek, May 9, 1994 On effect of 1994 elections.

• South African Constitutional Assembly Page  

• Project Capetown On integration of schools in South Africa.

•   H-SAfrica Homepage With an Internet Links section.

Zimbabwe

• Rhodesia: Unilateral Declaration of Independence Documents, 1965 Prime Minister Ian Smith: Announcement of Unilateral Declaration of Independence, November 11, 1965 Prime Minister Harold Wilson: The Position of the British Government on the Unilateral Declaration of Independence by Rhodesia, Speech to Parliament, November 11,1965

  Soviet Government Statement: The Situation in Southern Rhodesia, November 15, 1965

Female Circumcision/Female Genital Mutilation

• The Issue of Female Circumcision 

• Female Genital Mutilation on Trial